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good afternoon

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my name is joan johnson freeze and it is

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my pleasure to share this fifth panel on

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institutional arrangements in solar

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system exploration

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we have four papers prison to be

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presented by for astute individuals who

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will consider relevant issues based on

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their experience and their research all

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their bios are available to you so i

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won't take the time to go through them i

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will

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just briefly mention we have jim burke

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from jpl the legendary jim burke it's

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been my pleasure to work with him for

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years with the international space

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university

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john cercosian an operations scientist

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at csiro which i looked up in its

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commonwealth scientific and industrial

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research organization from australia

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michael neufeld museum curator in the

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space history division at the national

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air and space museum and peter markovsky

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a phd candidate in history of science at

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the university of oklahoma

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the issues they will be considering are

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several institutional management for

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example will be considered as will

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institutional focus

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how management issues arrangements and

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focus can affect the ability to execute

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a highly sophisticated

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science and engineering pro program and

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we've already been hearing about that

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this morning through different

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international collaboration uh examples

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and these papers will consider and go

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into depth on those issues including

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international collaboration the

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complexity

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and the potential that is added by

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expanding missions beyond national or

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extending missions beyond national

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borders

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and clearly the complexity expansion is

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across the board not just

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with the science and engineering

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considerations but with the political

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and legal

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one point that has really fascinated me

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over the years as an

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observer and analyst of these

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institutional arrangements

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is the role and perhaps changing role of

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the program manager

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i'll give fair warning now to the

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panelists that that'll be a question i

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will be raising to them and i hope you

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the audience will be noting your

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questions that they can

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address as well we'll follow the same

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format as we have

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already 20 minute presentations five

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minutes of q a and then the panel will

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assemble at the end

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so with that i would like to introduce

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jim burke on to talk about the

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foundations of solar system exploration

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at jpl how the first mariners and

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thank you joan i'd like to begin by

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giving you a little background on the

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co-author

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and my successor as ranger project

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manager bud schermeier

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many of you of course know him from his

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distinguished later uh reputation at jpl

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as project manager of

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various projects mariner 6 and 7 and uh

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the voyagers as of when they were

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launched he was one of the

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first of a long succession of uh

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excellent project managers on voyager

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but

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what i'd like to do here is take a

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couple minutes to tell you a little bit

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about the earlier part of

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his life he and i graduated from caltech

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after meeting each other as freshmen

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70 years ago

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and

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of course enjoyed all the

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southern california recreations soaring

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sailing skiing

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surfing whatever else there is that

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doesn't begin with s

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uh he brought me down off the mountain

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with a broken leg

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so we know each other pretty well and uh

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in any case

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it was my very good fortune to have

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him in position as manager of jpl's

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systems division which is where all the

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subsystems get to try to work with each

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other

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that's what he was doing

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while i was

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being the first project manager of

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ranger

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but our experience at jpl went way back

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so that by the time ranger came along we

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both had been working at jpl for more

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than 10 years

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and

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one part of what i'm

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going to tell you from

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here on uh is how there was a collision

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between us and everybody else involved

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in the project uh all the way up to

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congress and later in the game

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uh because we really thought we knew

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what we were doing we were experienced

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both of us were experienced project

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managers under the army and we knew how

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to do what we were doing

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ranger

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presented us with

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a more complicated and

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bigger

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project to do uh but not one that was in

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different in any essential way from the

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things we'd been doing before

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therefore

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there was a definite collision between

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us

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and

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our

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leaders

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once we were transferred out of the army

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and into nasa

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because nasa had a whole lot of

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engineers who were just as experienced

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and just as smart as us

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and it took us a while to realize that

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they were our bosses

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well that's a little bit the theme of

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this

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presentation

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no i don't have a screen well

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no i can't read it up there i'll have to

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read it here sorry about that

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jpl

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of course

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launched the first earth satellites

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explorer one four five

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but uh

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quickly it was determined that earth

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satellites were going to be a big

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business in a crowded field

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and we as a university laboratory

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shouldn't really

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be in that field so

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we

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chose to go

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beyond low earth orbit first target

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being

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mars

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for the 1960

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opposition uh the 1960 launch window

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uh which was the first time in human

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history that something could be launched

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to mars

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so that was the objective initially

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retreated back from that driven by

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circumstances to the moon

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that was the process as of

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1958

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okay the von braun team

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uh very experienced of course uh

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we

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had to go through quite a transition

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with them

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because they ended up in a very

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anomalous position

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once nasa was formed

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the phone brown people

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were nasa's agent for procuring launch

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services from the air force

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if you can find a more difficult

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situation for somebody

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that's where they were

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and it's to their great credit that

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individuals in

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both the air force and the army

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saw to it that in spite of all the

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institutional rivalries and other things

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that were happening at the time

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they managed to pull it off they got us

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tremendous confusion not just about

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launch vehicles but really about

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everything

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as to who was going to do what

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but uh

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rather quickly

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in 1958 and 59

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we discovered that we just couldn't do

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that mars launch window it was way

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beyond anything we could logically hope

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to

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so the big mariner

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called mariner a

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that was planned for that mission

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was abandoned and

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uh was decided to build a mariner for

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venus in 1962

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a couple of them

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that would be derived from the smaller

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ranger

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lunar spacecraft

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that we were building

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ranger already had

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solar mantles solar panels and a high

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gain antenna because those are features

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that you have to have for interplanetary

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missions you don't need them for the

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moon

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but we we had them on ranger because we

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visualized it as a precursor to

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planetary missions three-axis attitude

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control pointing an antenna getting

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solar power

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and

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being execute a being able to execute a

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mid-course

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maneuver trajectory correction those

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were the features

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that had to be on the mariner so they

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were on the ranger

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and the mariner became to be called

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ranger uh mariner r derived from ranger

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okay

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mariner a became mariner r

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okay the air force and our huntsville

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friends got us the atlas agena

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the deep space net and space

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flight operations facility necessary for

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both lunar and planetary missions

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common bus variable payloads

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everything you see on this slide was an

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attempt by us

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to try to

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meet the requirement of building

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reliability

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through successive operations

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and still meeting

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the

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difficult demands of planetary missions

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where you can't change the schedule

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unless you're prepared to slip it for

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years

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uh as in fact did happen with curiosity

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the big rover

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science on every flight

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i had what now seems a very peculiar

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attitude about science

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i insisted that every flight carry

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scientific instruments

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for two reasons

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one

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we didn't know which flight or flights

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might succeed

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two

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engineering development of science

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instruments in flight

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is as important as that of any other

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subsystem on the spacecraft

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and i

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simply thought it's up to the project

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manager to figure out after receiving

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advice from scientists and comparing

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that with what you can do what you can

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accommodate

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then i'll tell the scientists which of

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them get to come and which other ones

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have to wait for another launch

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can you imagine a viewpoint more

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different from

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that of

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first science is the objective of the

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mission come on guys

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two

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there's a whole structure out there of

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scientific advisory committees nasa and

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this and that

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project manager simply has to sit and

296
00:11:45,590 --> 00:11:44,079
watch all of that happen and then deal

297
00:11:46,470 --> 00:11:45,600
with the result

298
00:11:55,110 --> 00:11:46,480
well

299
00:11:59,910 --> 00:11:58,069
october 1960 i was appointed

300
00:12:02,790 --> 00:11:59,920
project manager

301
00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:02,800
on the 10th of october uh

302
00:12:07,350 --> 00:12:05,279
big rocket takes off

303
00:12:09,509 --> 00:12:07,360
it was the

304
00:12:11,670 --> 00:12:09,519
classic old original one except the

305
00:12:14,069 --> 00:12:11,680
upper stages

306
00:12:16,230 --> 00:12:14,079
weighed more than 30 tons and we watched

307
00:12:18,069 --> 00:12:16,240
the very slow acceleration of that and

308
00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:18,079
thought oh my goodness what is this

309
00:12:20,389 --> 00:12:18,880
thing

310
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:20,399
then on the second

311
00:12:25,350 --> 00:12:22,480
one on the 14th

312
00:12:27,590 --> 00:12:25,360
of october uh our telemetry was good

313
00:12:30,069 --> 00:12:27,600
enough to show that it had four big engi

314
00:12:31,829 --> 00:12:30,079
big boosters going off like that

315
00:12:33,269 --> 00:12:31,839
so that was when we first began to

316
00:12:37,030 --> 00:12:33,279
understand

317
00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:37,040
uh what the malnea configuration

318
00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:40,000
of the soviet launch vehicle

319
00:12:47,829 --> 00:12:44,949
uh when president kennedy was

320
00:12:50,150 --> 00:12:47,839
inaugurated he gave a talk that was very

321
00:12:52,629 --> 00:12:50,160
largely about the contest between

322
00:12:55,430 --> 00:12:52,639
american values and the

323
00:12:57,269 --> 00:12:55,440
subversive and uh threatening

324
00:12:59,670 --> 00:12:57,279
emanations that were coming out of the

325
00:13:01,750 --> 00:12:59,680
ussr

326
00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:01,760
on the 4th and 12th of february as you

327
00:13:05,190 --> 00:13:03,200
heard this morning

328
00:13:08,870 --> 00:13:05,200
they got two launches off and the second

329
00:13:10,710 --> 00:13:08,880
one sent the nero one on its way

330
00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:10,720
then yuri gagarin

331
00:13:14,069 --> 00:13:13,120
kennedy announced apollo

332
00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:14,079
uh

333
00:13:19,670 --> 00:13:17,519
if you can imagine a more

334
00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:19,680
propulsive environment than the one we

335
00:13:24,069 --> 00:13:21,040
were in

336
00:13:27,190 --> 00:13:24,079
to get ranger one and two going uh

337
00:13:31,670 --> 00:13:27,200
we had a lot of uh pressure on us

338
00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:31,680
much of it provided by ourselves uh and

339
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:33,440
we you know we really wanted to get

340
00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:45,509
things moved fast

341
00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:49,110
i skipped over a whole lot of trouble

342
00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:51,440
originally when nasa

343
00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:53,040
first

344
00:13:56,629 --> 00:13:55,199
when we and the germans were transferred

345
00:13:59,189 --> 00:13:56,639
into nasa

346
00:14:02,629 --> 00:13:59,199
we already had a plan

347
00:14:04,550 --> 00:14:02,639
for upper stages on the atlas but they

348
00:14:06,790 --> 00:14:04,560
were not the right ones

349
00:14:08,949 --> 00:14:06,800
the air force agena was the right upper

350
00:14:10,230 --> 00:14:08,959
stage to use but it took oops how did

351
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:10,240
that happen

352
00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:19,829
i went back too far sorry okay

353
00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:21,670
oh

354
00:14:26,069 --> 00:14:23,360
what happened

355
00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:26,079
okay never mind they uh

356
00:14:31,269 --> 00:14:28,000
something about the launch vehicles was

357
00:14:36,389 --> 00:14:31,279
on the slide that is now missing

358
00:14:41,269 --> 00:14:39,110
marshall was placed in a very tough

359
00:14:43,670 --> 00:14:41,279
position but we did

360
00:14:45,910 --> 00:14:43,680
end up again because of the dedication

361
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:45,920
of individuals in the agencies who put

362
00:14:47,829 --> 00:14:46,880
our

363
00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:47,839
needs

364
00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:50,720
above the interagency disputes that were

365
00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:53,040
all going on then

366
00:14:58,069 --> 00:14:54,639
we got

367
00:15:00,389 --> 00:14:58,079
the launch vehicles that we needed

368
00:15:01,590 --> 00:15:00,399
i told you about how we didn't

369
00:15:03,910 --> 00:15:01,600
really

370
00:15:05,910 --> 00:15:03,920
like being jerked around by people who

371
00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:05,920
were our essential colleagues

372
00:15:10,550 --> 00:15:07,760
professionally and suddenly turned out

373
00:15:12,550 --> 00:15:10,560
to be from nasa a new agency that we'd

374
00:15:15,110 --> 00:15:12,560
never heard of and they were they were

375
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:15,120
in charge

376
00:15:21,509 --> 00:15:18,079
our lunar scientists

377
00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:21,519
were the leaders in the profession

378
00:15:29,269 --> 00:15:27,430
gamma ray spectrometer

379
00:15:31,269 --> 00:15:29,279
geophysics

380
00:15:32,749 --> 00:15:31,279
seismometer

381
00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:32,759
and

382
00:15:37,110 --> 00:15:35,120
geomorphology the television

383
00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:37,120
those were the instruments on the lunar

384
00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:39,600
rangers and the scientists in charge of

385
00:15:42,870 --> 00:15:40,560
those

386
00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:42,880
did not give us any trouble

387
00:15:47,749 --> 00:15:45,040
they really did a tremendous job and

388
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:47,759
they are famous for it they were already

389
00:15:52,150 --> 00:15:49,680
famous for their in their own

390
00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:52,160
professions of course

391
00:15:55,509 --> 00:15:54,240
we had a problem with non-lunar

392
00:15:57,430 --> 00:15:55,519
scientists

393
00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:57,440
space physics

394
00:16:02,710 --> 00:16:01,040
uh and i'll get to that a little later

395
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:02,720
okay and

396
00:16:07,110 --> 00:16:05,839
we had a sort of a philosophical problem

397
00:16:09,509 --> 00:16:07,120
with

398
00:16:11,829 --> 00:16:09,519
not the lunar scientists they were fine

399
00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:11,839
they were on board they followed our

400
00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:14,240
schedule

401
00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:17,600
ranger one and two were planned as test

402
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:19,600
flights not aimed at the moon but to

403
00:16:22,389 --> 00:16:21,040
have a high enough

404
00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:22,399
apogee

405
00:16:26,949 --> 00:16:24,639
that they would take the spacecraft out

406
00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:26,959
to where it could acquire the sun and

407
00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,480
earth references

408
00:16:33,269 --> 00:16:30,959
and since it was going to do that out in

409
00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:33,279
the magnetosphere it might as well have

410
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:34,320
some

411
00:16:40,069 --> 00:16:36,800
space physics instruments on board it

412
00:16:42,790 --> 00:16:40,079
had an excellent payload designed by the

413
00:16:45,030 --> 00:16:42,800
prominent space physicists of the day

414
00:16:47,910 --> 00:16:45,040
plus an ultraviolet telescope looking

415
00:16:49,829 --> 00:16:47,920
back at the earth's hydrogen corona

416
00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:49,839
three four and five i told you about

417
00:16:54,069 --> 00:16:52,399
their instruments and on ranger six to

418
00:16:58,710 --> 00:16:54,079
nine the

419
00:17:01,990 --> 00:16:58,720
objective was reduced to just television

420
00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:02,000
now here's the example of the bus

421
00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:03,600
with one of the several different

422
00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:06,640
payloads the bus is hexagonal because of

423
00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:11,039
a vanished upper stage configuration

424
00:17:16,309 --> 00:17:13,760
so it was adapted to the agena

425
00:17:18,390 --> 00:17:16,319
the tower on the top has the space

426
00:17:21,270 --> 00:17:18,400
physics instruments and at the very top

427
00:17:24,309 --> 00:17:21,280
the omnidirectional antenna

428
00:17:29,830 --> 00:17:24,319
so that was the configuration of rangers

429
00:17:35,669 --> 00:17:32,870
range of one and two because of uh genia

430
00:17:37,669 --> 00:17:35,679
upper stage troubles never got to their

431
00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:37,679
high apogee orbits

432
00:17:44,150 --> 00:17:41,200
they were stranded in low earth orbit

433
00:17:49,190 --> 00:17:46,630
they the spacecraft appeared to be okay

434
00:17:51,750 --> 00:17:49,200
as far as you could tell in that orbit

435
00:17:54,789 --> 00:17:51,760
a ranger three we had a spacecraft that

436
00:17:57,029 --> 00:17:54,799
was fine it was injected the atlas had a

437
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:57,039
guidance error but the ranger acquired

438
00:18:00,549 --> 00:17:59,440
the sun on earth and began to do what it

439
00:18:02,230 --> 00:18:00,559
should do

440
00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:02,240
but then when the mid-course maneuver

441
00:18:06,870 --> 00:18:04,640
happened one vector was pointed the

442
00:18:08,870 --> 00:18:06,880
wrong way there had been a double sign

443
00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:08,880
inversion between the spacecraft and the

444
00:18:13,830 --> 00:18:12,160
ground equipment so it missed the moon

445
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:13,840
range of four

446
00:18:17,990 --> 00:18:16,640
something got across a couple of pins

447
00:18:20,390 --> 00:18:18,000
between

448
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:20,400
the agena when the when the spacecraft

449
00:18:25,029 --> 00:18:22,640
came away from the agena something

450
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:25,039
shorted out the ranger

451
00:18:29,590 --> 00:18:27,600
if it had had the female side of the

452
00:18:32,150 --> 00:18:29,600
separation connector that probably

453
00:18:34,150 --> 00:18:32,160
wouldn't have happened

454
00:18:36,870 --> 00:18:34,160
on ranger five i'll show you a picture

455
00:18:39,750 --> 00:18:36,880
of that one a ranger six

456
00:18:42,470 --> 00:18:39,760
this is after i had been replaced as

457
00:18:44,390 --> 00:18:42,480
project manager by bud shermeyer and

458
00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:44,400
i'll tell you more about that later but

459
00:18:47,510 --> 00:18:45,760
here's this

460
00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:47,520
brief version of the story when the

461
00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:51,360
atlas staged its first stage engines off

462
00:18:57,430 --> 00:18:53,760
a plasma cloud enveloped the vehicle and

463
00:19:05,029 --> 00:18:57,440
shorted out the television

464
00:19:09,430 --> 00:19:07,190
this is the configuration of the lunar

465
00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:09,440
ones with the seismometer ball at the

466
00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:10,559
top

467
00:19:13,909 --> 00:19:12,880
and the gamma ray spectrometer out on a

468
00:19:20,549 --> 00:19:13,919
boom

469
00:19:28,950 --> 00:19:22,710
i see i seem to keep

470
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:30,950
well okay

471
00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:36,789
power switching and logic unit in range

472
00:19:40,630 --> 00:19:38,480
of ranger 5

473
00:19:43,830 --> 00:19:40,640
proof test model of it shows you

474
00:19:46,150 --> 00:19:43,840
something about our packaging

475
00:19:49,110 --> 00:19:46,160
people look at jpl's packaging and they

476
00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:49,120
say hey those look like locomotive parts

477
00:19:53,029 --> 00:19:51,120
well we found out they have to look like

478
00:19:55,110 --> 00:19:53,039
locomotive parts if you don't want to

479
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:55,120
amplify vibrations from the launch

480
00:19:59,990 --> 00:19:57,520
vehicle etc

481
00:20:03,029 --> 00:20:00,000
and that's why our packages look the way

482
00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:04,870
a backside of this

483
00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:07,120
little item you see the arrow pointing

484
00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:08,320
there

485
00:20:13,990 --> 00:20:11,360
uh that screw got warm and that hit us

486
00:20:16,070 --> 00:20:14,000
in we had a good spacecraft again it had

487
00:20:18,310 --> 00:20:16,080
acquired the sun on earth was on its way

488
00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:18,320
to the moon this time atlas regina was

489
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:19,280
okay

490
00:20:24,870 --> 00:20:21,120
fine

491
00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:29,470
we went to the ranger

492
00:20:37,909 --> 00:20:33,110
6789 configuration with just television

493
00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:39,590
okay

494
00:20:47,190 --> 00:20:42,880
that's what i'm here to tell you

495
00:20:49,990 --> 00:20:47,200
robotic sp deep space exploration

496
00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:50,000
demands extreme attention to risk and

497
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:52,240
even then

498
00:20:57,430 --> 00:20:53,760
you don't always

499
00:21:01,750 --> 00:20:59,510
technical risks all the ones in the

500
00:21:03,669 --> 00:21:01,760
ranger both in the launch vehicles and

501
00:21:07,510 --> 00:21:03,679
the spacecraft

502
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:07,520
the failures were at interfaces

503
00:21:12,950 --> 00:21:10,480
management risks i guess i don't need to

504
00:21:14,230 --> 00:21:12,960
go too much into that

505
00:21:16,789 --> 00:21:14,240
but

506
00:21:17,909 --> 00:21:16,799
after ranger

507
00:21:21,270 --> 00:21:17,919
five

508
00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:21,280
uh the project capsized and

509
00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:23,360
schermer replaced me

510
00:21:28,830 --> 00:21:25,679
then he had the failure of ranger six

511
00:21:31,430 --> 00:21:28,840
which took it all the way up to congress

512
00:21:32,470 --> 00:21:31,440
uh enormous

513
00:21:33,750 --> 00:21:32,480
trouble

514
00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:33,760
and

515
00:21:39,029 --> 00:21:37,120
everything was focused on the rca camera

516
00:21:41,350 --> 00:21:39,039
payload

517
00:21:42,789 --> 00:21:41,360
while in fact

518
00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:42,799
the failure

519
00:21:48,310 --> 00:21:45,280
happened during the atlas booster

520
00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:48,320
staging back during ascent

521
00:21:55,590 --> 00:21:52,799
so a big long failure investigation

522
00:21:58,630 --> 00:21:55,600
entirely focused on

523
00:22:00,549 --> 00:21:58,640
the place where the failure didn't occur

524
00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:00,559
and we may never have known about the

525
00:22:05,190 --> 00:22:02,880
cause of that failure had not a solar

526
00:22:07,909 --> 00:22:05,200
physicist among us

527
00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:07,919
continued to persist in looking into it

528
00:22:12,870 --> 00:22:10,799
and investigating all the records and he

529
00:22:13,990 --> 00:22:12,880
finally decided he had a convincing

530
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:14,000
story

531
00:22:19,669 --> 00:22:16,640
and he took it uh not to the project

532
00:22:21,430 --> 00:22:19,679
manager but to his division manager who

533
00:22:22,470 --> 00:22:21,440
uh thought about it and said that's

534
00:22:24,470 --> 00:22:22,480
interesting

535
00:22:27,190 --> 00:22:24,480
but it was quite a while before

536
00:22:29,110 --> 00:22:27,200
everybody became convinced that that was

537
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:29,120
the actual cause of the failure when a

538
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:30,880
plasma cloud

539
00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:32,720
went up the sides of the atlas and back

540
00:22:35,750 --> 00:22:33,760
down

541
00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:35,760
for just less than a second

542
00:22:45,270 --> 00:22:37,840
it was enough to turn on the tvs and

543
00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:46,710
thank you

544
00:22:50,950 --> 00:22:49,120
i put a couple of my references in here

545
00:22:52,950 --> 00:22:50,960
i i sort of

546
00:22:58,950 --> 00:22:52,960
stretched the point a little bit thank

547
00:23:04,070 --> 00:23:02,230
so go ahead and take five minutes

548
00:23:08,870 --> 00:23:04,080
okay

549
00:23:12,710 --> 00:23:08,880
one question why did you

550
00:23:15,870 --> 00:23:12,720
why did you put this in about the uh

551
00:23:19,270 --> 00:23:15,880
the uh yes reference four decla

552
00:23:21,830 --> 00:23:19,280
1966 declassified 94.

553
00:23:22,630 --> 00:23:21,840
the beautiful book

554
00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:22,640
by

555
00:23:28,470 --> 00:23:25,520
wes huntress and mikhail maroff

556
00:23:31,110 --> 00:23:28,480
tells the real story about

557
00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:31,120
all of the soviet missions

558
00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:33,760
what this reference is is

559
00:23:37,669 --> 00:23:36,320
my story about what we thought they were

560
00:23:38,789 --> 00:23:37,679
doing

561
00:23:41,590 --> 00:23:38,799
published

562
00:23:43,510 --> 00:23:41,600
in the studies in intelligence and

563
00:23:52,630 --> 00:23:43,520
wasn't declassified for a number of

564
00:23:57,909 --> 00:23:53,510
during

565
00:23:59,350 --> 00:23:57,919
your days under jpl i was at abma

566
00:24:00,950 --> 00:23:59,360
i was at the army ballistic missile

567
00:24:03,110 --> 00:24:00,960
agency back in those

568
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:03,120
in those 50s years and you guys were

569
00:24:08,870 --> 00:24:05,919
transferred in october 58

570
00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:08,880
we held out with the army until july

571
00:24:11,510 --> 00:24:10,400
1960.

572
00:24:15,269 --> 00:24:11,520
the

573
00:24:16,870 --> 00:24:15,279
team it was finally eisenhower who

574
00:24:19,350 --> 00:24:16,880
personally intervened

575
00:24:22,390 --> 00:24:19,360
and so we transferred officially

576
00:24:25,990 --> 00:24:22,400
on the first of july 1960.

577
00:24:28,149 --> 00:24:26,000
also we developed the the jupiter irbm

578
00:24:30,070 --> 00:24:28,159
but then you got the air force we were

579
00:24:32,230 --> 00:24:30,080
told that the army was not going to

580
00:24:34,870 --> 00:24:32,240
deploy that missile that was going to be

581
00:24:37,269 --> 00:24:34,880
deployed by the air force so we had to

582
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:37,279
paint out u.s army put u.s air force in

583
00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:39,840
there redstone arsenal filled with air

584
00:24:44,070 --> 00:24:42,159
force personnel learning how to operate

585
00:24:47,110 --> 00:24:44,080
the the jupiter

586
00:24:49,909 --> 00:24:47,120
irbm which was deployed in turkey but

587
00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:49,919
the but that jupiter put in your upper

588
00:24:53,830 --> 00:24:52,080
stages you remember the juno too oh yes

589
00:24:57,190 --> 00:24:53,840
of course you didn't talk about that

590
00:24:59,029 --> 00:24:57,200
could you say a few words about juno too

591
00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:59,039
i said the launch vehicle picture was a

592
00:25:03,190 --> 00:25:01,039
little bit confused that was a strong

593
00:25:04,950 --> 00:25:03,200
understatement and you've just

594
00:25:07,269 --> 00:25:04,960
heard a little more about some of the

595
00:25:10,549 --> 00:25:07,279
various pieces of spaghetti that were

596
00:25:14,789 --> 00:25:10,559
all squirming around there go ahead

597
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:14,799
jim can you just talk a little bit about

598
00:25:19,350 --> 00:25:17,600
how everybody how you and and everybody

599
00:25:20,390 --> 00:25:19,360
realized

600
00:25:23,909 --> 00:25:20,400
the

601
00:25:26,230 --> 00:25:23,919
issues

602
00:25:28,390 --> 00:25:26,240
what what did you expect going in did

603
00:25:30,070 --> 00:25:28,400
you think you could just get away with

604
00:25:32,310 --> 00:25:30,080
you know seeing if it worked and if it

605
00:25:34,549 --> 00:25:32,320
didn't work you'd you'd fix it but then

606
00:25:36,630 --> 00:25:34,559
was there a moment when you all realized

607
00:25:38,789 --> 00:25:36,640
that you were in a much much much more

608
00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:38,799
unforgiving game

609
00:25:43,269 --> 00:25:40,720
i think the answer to the best less

610
00:25:44,710 --> 00:25:43,279
simple quick answer short answer to that

611
00:25:47,430 --> 00:25:44,720
question is

612
00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:47,440
yes reliability was dominant in our

613
00:25:51,190 --> 00:25:49,840
minds and we tried to test everything

614
00:25:52,870 --> 00:25:51,200
you can test

615
00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:52,880
and you get to a point where you've

616
00:25:57,430 --> 00:25:54,720
tested something so many times that

617
00:25:58,870 --> 00:25:57,440
you've worn it out and it's better to

618
00:25:59,909 --> 00:25:58,880
leave it alone

619
00:26:01,430 --> 00:25:59,919
but

620
00:26:03,110 --> 00:26:01,440
as i said

621
00:26:06,149 --> 00:26:03,120
these failures

622
00:26:07,909 --> 00:26:06,159
happened with extremely subtle causes

623
00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:07,919
none of which would have been revealed

624
00:26:12,710 --> 00:26:09,440
in a ground test

625
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:12,720
for example on ranger 2

626
00:26:18,990 --> 00:26:16,000
gyros in the agina were not turning when

627
00:26:21,669 --> 00:26:19,000
it took off why because the block house

628
00:26:23,909 --> 00:26:21,679
instrumentation was designed in such a

629
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:23,919
way no matter how much you test it you

630
00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:25,760
can't tell whether the gyros are turning

631
00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:26,799
or not

632
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:27,679
okay

633
00:26:30,789 --> 00:26:28,559
well

634
00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:30,799
that was corrected

635
00:26:35,830 --> 00:26:33,760
but we'd already lost one mission so

636
00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:35,840
fine the next agena the gyros were

637
00:26:41,430 --> 00:26:40,320
indeed turning but we didn't have 50

638
00:26:44,149 --> 00:26:41,440
missions

639
00:26:49,909 --> 00:26:44,159
the way you do in the army

640
00:26:53,990 --> 00:26:51,510
jim

641
00:26:56,789 --> 00:26:54,000
in one of your slide and concluding one

642
00:27:00,789 --> 00:26:56,799
i guess uh it was said that the

643
00:27:02,070 --> 00:27:00,799
politicians invention of policy do not

644
00:27:04,789 --> 00:27:02,080
help but

645
00:27:08,070 --> 00:27:04,799
probably worsened the situation you know

646
00:27:11,190 --> 00:27:08,080
i completely agree with you because i

647
00:27:12,789 --> 00:27:11,200
just experienced it in my own career you

648
00:27:15,830 --> 00:27:12,799
know but

649
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:15,840
was it just the case in the ranger

650
00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:20,080
program when the policy tried to assist

651
00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:22,799
you somehow you know but actually

652
00:27:29,120 --> 00:27:33,590
oh all the politicians

653
00:27:38,149 --> 00:27:36,230
the politic politicians were faced with

654
00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:38,159
a problem that's very difficult for a

655
00:27:42,389 --> 00:27:39,679
politician

656
00:27:45,190 --> 00:27:42,399
uh to us it looked as if they were

657
00:27:47,510 --> 00:27:45,200
wasting their time and hours

658
00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:47,520
but in their world

659
00:27:52,230 --> 00:27:50,720
they really did have to consider

660
00:27:55,590 --> 00:27:52,240
whether we were

661
00:27:57,430 --> 00:27:55,600
we happy engineers who were just going

662
00:27:59,590 --> 00:27:57,440
along always thinking we could make the

663
00:28:01,990 --> 00:27:59,600
next one work and eventually we did make

664
00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:02,000
the next three of them work fine

665
00:28:06,789 --> 00:28:04,480
everybody ended up a hero so from an

666
00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:06,799
engineering standpoint we did exactly

667
00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:08,640
the same thing we'd always previously

668
00:28:12,549 --> 00:28:10,240
done in the army

669
00:28:14,149 --> 00:28:12,559
you find a failure you fix it launch the

670
00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:14,159
next thing it has a different failure

671
00:28:17,110 --> 00:28:15,440
you fix that

672
00:28:18,149 --> 00:28:17,120
eventually you get to where you want to

673
00:28:20,789 --> 00:28:18,159
be

674
00:28:25,510 --> 00:28:20,799
okay but ranger

675
00:28:28,789 --> 00:28:25,520
was operating in a different environment

676
00:28:31,029 --> 00:28:28,799
and the answer to mikhail's question is

677
00:28:33,990 --> 00:28:31,039
politicians

678
00:28:36,549 --> 00:28:34,000
could have done us tremendous damage

679
00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:36,559
because one question that was arose and

680
00:28:39,590 --> 00:28:38,720
it was treated in the aeronautical press

681
00:28:42,149 --> 00:28:39,600
then

682
00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:42,159
is what's a university laboratory doing

683
00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:44,320
in this business anyway with a 60

684
00:28:49,029 --> 00:28:46,080
million dollar mission

685
00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:49,039
500 people working on a big deal

686
00:28:52,149 --> 00:28:50,000
you know

687
00:28:54,070 --> 00:28:52,159
so that question

688
00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:54,080
had it gone the other way

689
00:28:58,149 --> 00:28:55,840
had nasa not

690
00:29:00,470 --> 00:28:58,159
told the politicians to hey get off our

691
00:29:02,950 --> 00:29:00,480
backs we the jpl knows what it's doing

692
00:29:04,149 --> 00:29:02,960
leave us alone

693
00:29:10,070 --> 00:29:04,159
thank you very much we're gonna have

694
00:29:14,149 --> 00:29:12,230
our next presenter is john sarkisian who

695
00:29:35,909 --> 00:29:14,159
is going to talk about mariner 2 and the

696
00:29:35,919 --> 00:29:41,190
nope

697
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:50,549
wrong john

698
00:29:50,559 --> 00:29:54,789
oh which one was that

699
00:29:59,269 --> 00:29:56,710
okay

700
00:30:01,510 --> 00:29:59,279
well firstly um i'd first like to thank

701
00:30:03,669 --> 00:30:01,520
um bill barry and the organizers for

702
00:30:05,430 --> 00:30:03,679
inviting me along here to to address you

703
00:30:10,310 --> 00:30:05,440
this afternoon and it really is a great

704
00:30:15,029 --> 00:30:13,669
the csiro parks radio telescope is one

705
00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:15,039
of the world's great research

706
00:30:18,549 --> 00:30:16,320
instruments

707
00:30:20,710 --> 00:30:18,559
it is arguably the finest single dish

708
00:30:23,269 --> 00:30:20,720
radio telescope in the world

709
00:30:24,710 --> 00:30:23,279
back in 2006 a study published in the

710
00:30:26,549 --> 00:30:24,720
journal nature

711
00:30:29,430 --> 00:30:26,559
ranked it second only to the vla in

712
00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,440
terms of its scientific impact

713
00:30:34,070 --> 00:30:31,840
it is owned and operated by the

714
00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:34,080
commonwealth scientific and

715
00:30:37,750 --> 00:30:36,000
industrial research organization or

716
00:30:39,029 --> 00:30:37,760
csiro

717
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:39,039
of australia

718
00:30:44,310 --> 00:30:41,679
and when it was built in 1961 it was the

719
00:30:46,149 --> 00:30:44,320
most advanced radio telescope

720
00:30:48,630 --> 00:30:46,159
in the world

721
00:30:50,870 --> 00:30:48,640
it was also recognized very early on

722
00:30:53,190 --> 00:30:50,880
that its design made it a near ideal

723
00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:53,200
instrument for tracking spacecraft in

724
00:30:58,230 --> 00:30:54,880
deep space

725
00:31:00,149 --> 00:30:58,240
this attracted the attention of nasa jpl

726
00:31:02,389 --> 00:31:00,159
where it had its most profound impact in

727
00:31:05,269 --> 00:31:02,399
the design of the large aperture

728
00:31:08,310 --> 00:31:05,279
antennas of the the the deep space

729
00:31:13,509 --> 00:31:10,630
as you can see from this table

730
00:31:15,590 --> 00:31:13,519
um the space missions that the the parks

731
00:31:18,630 --> 00:31:15,600
telescope has been involved in

732
00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:18,640
um spans the the five decades of the

733
00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:20,880
salt system exploration from mariner 2

734
00:31:24,789 --> 00:31:22,720
at the very beginning all the way

735
00:31:27,269 --> 00:31:24,799
through to the latest mission curiosity

736
00:31:29,590 --> 00:31:27,279
just a few months ago

737
00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:29,600
the highlight was undoubtedly the apollo

738
00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:32,240
missions from especially apollos 11

739
00:31:36,230 --> 00:31:34,480
through to 17.

740
00:31:39,430 --> 00:31:36,240
we also played a critical role in the

741
00:31:41,029 --> 00:31:39,440
galileo mission to jupiter and also in

742
00:31:43,509 --> 00:31:41,039
the huygens

743
00:31:45,110 --> 00:31:43,519
landing on titan where we actually were

744
00:31:51,269 --> 00:31:45,120
able to salvage the doppler wind

745
00:31:55,190 --> 00:31:54,070
but how did it all begin

746
00:31:57,269 --> 00:31:55,200
well

747
00:31:59,430 --> 00:31:57,279
it was conceived by edward taffy bowen

748
00:32:01,430 --> 00:31:59,440
in 1954

749
00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:01,440
taffy was the visionary and dynamic

750
00:32:07,669 --> 00:32:03,360
chief of the csiro's radio physics

751
00:32:09,909 --> 00:32:07,679
division for 25 years from 1946 to 1971.

752
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:09,919
under his leadership the radio physics

753
00:32:13,669 --> 00:32:11,840
division developed as a pioneer and

754
00:32:15,750 --> 00:32:13,679
world leader in the emerging science of

755
00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:15,760
radio astronomy in the immediate

756
00:32:20,549 --> 00:32:18,000
post-war years

757
00:32:22,389 --> 00:32:20,559
but by the early 1950s

758
00:32:24,070 --> 00:32:22,399
taffy was thinking of the next stage of

759
00:32:26,149 --> 00:32:24,080
development of radio astronomy in

760
00:32:28,789 --> 00:32:26,159
australia and he determined that the

761
00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:28,799
best all-round instrument for continuing

762
00:32:33,509 --> 00:32:31,760
the csiro's pioneering efforts in radio

763
00:32:37,269 --> 00:32:33,519
astronomy

764
00:32:39,029 --> 00:32:37,279
was a large fully steerable dish antenna

765
00:32:41,110 --> 00:32:39,039
at the time such an instrument was

766
00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:41,120
beyond the budget of the csiro so he

767
00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:43,039
called on his old boy network so to

768
00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:45,200
speak of contacts that he built up

769
00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:47,279
during the war

770
00:32:55,509 --> 00:32:53,110
firstly

771
00:32:56,710 --> 00:32:55,519
he approached the carnegie corporation

772
00:32:59,269 --> 00:32:56,720
at the time

773
00:33:01,750 --> 00:32:59,279
it was the president of the carnegie

774
00:33:03,190 --> 00:33:01,760
institute in washington was headed by uh

775
00:33:04,149 --> 00:33:03,200
well the president of it was vanneva

776
00:33:04,950 --> 00:33:04,159
bush

777
00:33:06,389 --> 00:33:04,960
who

778
00:33:08,389 --> 00:33:06,399
during the war was

779
00:33:10,310 --> 00:33:08,399
president roosevelt's um science advisor

780
00:33:12,950 --> 00:33:10,320
the man who initiated the the manhattan

781
00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:12,960
project and he was also the the founder

782
00:33:17,830 --> 00:33:15,360
of the national science foundation

783
00:33:19,669 --> 00:33:17,840
and from his very close personal

784
00:33:21,830 --> 00:33:19,679
relationships um professional

785
00:33:23,909 --> 00:33:21,840
relationship with um

786
00:33:25,350 --> 00:33:23,919
vaneva bush he acquired a quarter of a

787
00:33:27,029 --> 00:33:25,360
million dollars to get the project

788
00:33:28,789 --> 00:33:27,039
started

789
00:33:30,630 --> 00:33:28,799
he then followed up with

790
00:33:32,789 --> 00:33:30,640
a similar

791
00:33:34,789 --> 00:33:32,799
amount from the rockefeller foundation

792
00:33:37,029 --> 00:33:34,799
the the president of of the rockefeller

793
00:33:39,509 --> 00:33:37,039
foundation was dean rusk the future

794
00:33:41,669 --> 00:33:39,519
secretary of state of um in the kennedy

795
00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:41,679
and johnson administrations again he

796
00:33:46,310 --> 00:33:44,720
knew taffy during the the war period

797
00:33:48,549 --> 00:33:46,320
and

798
00:33:50,470 --> 00:33:48,559
richard casey who is the the man who

799
00:33:52,870 --> 00:33:50,480
actually set up the radio physics

800
00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:52,880
laboratory within the csiro as a secret

801
00:33:56,870 --> 00:33:54,640
wartime laboratory

802
00:33:59,269 --> 00:33:56,880
was a minister in the then australian

803
00:34:01,990 --> 00:33:59,279
government and responsible for the csiro

804
00:34:04,549 --> 00:34:02,000
and he managed to convince and he was a

805
00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:04,559
great supporter of the of taffy and the

806
00:34:08,310 --> 00:34:06,640
telescope project and he managed to

807
00:34:09,990 --> 00:34:08,320
convince the australian

808
00:34:11,990 --> 00:34:10,000
prime minister to support it with

809
00:34:14,230 --> 00:34:12,000
matching funds and then combined with

810
00:34:15,669 --> 00:34:14,240
additional private donations and with

811
00:34:17,349 --> 00:34:15,679
the additional

812
00:34:19,510 --> 00:34:17,359
funds from the australian government and

813
00:34:21,430 --> 00:34:19,520
the rockefeller to make up a shortfall

814
00:34:24,149 --> 00:34:21,440
towards the end of the project he was

815
00:34:26,149 --> 00:34:24,159
able to acquire just over 1.4 million

816
00:34:28,230 --> 00:34:26,159
dollars to build the telescope which

817
00:34:32,790 --> 00:34:28,240
even in those days was considered

818
00:34:35,990 --> 00:34:34,710
the telescope itself

819
00:34:38,470 --> 00:34:36,000
um

820
00:34:40,389 --> 00:34:38,480
was designed by the freeman fox and

821
00:34:42,069 --> 00:34:40,399
partners a british firm they were

822
00:34:44,629 --> 00:34:42,079
actually famous especially in australia

823
00:34:46,069 --> 00:34:44,639
as being the the designers of the sydney

824
00:34:47,669 --> 00:34:46,079
harbour bridge

825
00:34:49,109 --> 00:34:47,679
and

826
00:34:52,310 --> 00:34:49,119
they were contracted to design the

827
00:34:53,109 --> 00:34:52,320
telescope to csiro specifications

828
00:34:55,109 --> 00:34:53,119
and

829
00:34:57,270 --> 00:34:55,119
the csro engineer harry minnett

830
00:35:04,069 --> 00:34:57,280
supervised the design of the telescope

831
00:35:07,829 --> 00:35:06,310
this was much longer than they expected

832
00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:07,839
but it paid off in the end because it

833
00:35:13,510 --> 00:35:11,040
meant that they got the design right

834
00:35:14,550 --> 00:35:13,520
the telescope um actually incorporated

835
00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:14,560
several

836
00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:17,280
um very innovative design features i'll

837
00:35:23,589 --> 00:35:20,400
just come to them firstly it was

838
00:35:26,069 --> 00:35:23,599
pivoted in the center it's like an

839
00:35:27,670 --> 00:35:26,079
inverted umbrella

840
00:35:30,150 --> 00:35:27,680
as you can see

841
00:35:31,990 --> 00:35:30,160
it used it was it had an azimuth mount

842
00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:32,000
which is unusual for its time for a

843
00:35:35,829 --> 00:35:33,440
structure that large

844
00:35:37,910 --> 00:35:35,839
also um in order for it to track objects

845
00:35:39,190 --> 00:35:37,920
smoothly across the sky it incorporated

846
00:35:41,030 --> 00:35:39,200
a new

847
00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:41,040
invention of the master equatorial

848
00:35:44,550 --> 00:35:42,640
system

849
00:35:46,550 --> 00:35:44,560
and it was a basically just a small

850
00:35:48,550 --> 00:35:46,560
equatorially mounted optical telescope

851
00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:48,560
located at the intersection of the

852
00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:50,320
altitude and azimuth axis of the

853
00:35:57,910 --> 00:35:55,829
um and um

854
00:35:59,589 --> 00:35:57,920
essentially the dish was slaved to that

855
00:36:02,069 --> 00:35:59,599
equatorially op mounted optical

856
00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:02,079
telescope via a servo drive system that

857
00:36:07,510 --> 00:36:04,640
enabled it to very smoothly track

858
00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:07,520
objects across the sky and finally

859
00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:08,400
it had

860
00:36:13,430 --> 00:36:10,640
spiral purlins on the dish to to give it

861
00:36:15,349 --> 00:36:13,440
strength

862
00:36:16,950 --> 00:36:15,359
the site chosen for the telescope was

863
00:36:20,230 --> 00:36:16,960
near the town of parks

864
00:36:21,990 --> 00:36:20,240
about 350 kilometers west of sydney in

865
00:36:24,230 --> 00:36:22,000
the central west of new south wales in

866
00:36:25,670 --> 00:36:24,240
australia and the reason it was chosen

867
00:36:27,829 --> 00:36:25,680
was because of those mountains in the

868
00:36:29,349 --> 00:36:27,839
background of the photograph there

869
00:36:31,030 --> 00:36:29,359
they protected us from the radio

870
00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:31,040
emissions from the larger population

871
00:36:35,030 --> 00:36:32,720
centers further east

872
00:36:38,069 --> 00:36:35,040
such as sydney for example i mean so the

873
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:38,079
area was a very radio quiet site which

874
00:36:41,829 --> 00:36:40,000
was essential for a large sensitive

875
00:36:43,109 --> 00:36:41,839
instrument like parks

876
00:36:45,349 --> 00:36:43,119
that young

877
00:36:47,109 --> 00:36:45,359
fellow there um standing next to the

878
00:36:48,069 --> 00:36:47,119
stake where the actual telescope was

879
00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:48,079
built

880
00:36:53,990 --> 00:36:49,760
he's now 59 years old and he's a good

881
00:36:56,710 --> 00:36:54,000
friend of mine is the local farmer still

882
00:36:59,589 --> 00:36:56,720
um the main constructor for the the

883
00:37:01,990 --> 00:36:59,599
telescope was man of west germany

884
00:37:04,550 --> 00:37:02,000
um and so already you can see that it's

885
00:37:07,030 --> 00:37:04,560
it's beginning to take on the after

886
00:37:09,430 --> 00:37:07,040
of an international project with

887
00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:09,440
the united states australia um the

888
00:37:12,950 --> 00:37:11,359
british and the germans all involved in

889
00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:12,960
the construction

890
00:37:21,349 --> 00:37:18,880
1959 and over the next 21 months

891
00:37:23,829 --> 00:37:21,359
when the germans arrived to to build the

892
00:37:25,990 --> 00:37:23,839
the turret they're able to to weld the

893
00:37:27,750 --> 00:37:26,000
the ribs into into shape and then they

894
00:37:30,230 --> 00:37:27,760
lifted them one at a time bolted them

895
00:37:31,990 --> 00:37:30,240
onto the the turret and then when that

896
00:37:35,670 --> 00:37:32,000
was done they then put the focus cabin

897
00:37:38,069 --> 00:37:35,680
up on the the the apex and then paneled

898
00:37:40,230 --> 00:37:38,079
the the dish and it said it was all done

899
00:37:42,470 --> 00:37:40,240
in the amazingly short period of just 21

900
00:37:44,150 --> 00:37:42,480
months and that was a and there was very

901
00:37:45,829 --> 00:37:44,160
little problems encountered in the

902
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:45,839
construction and it was mainly due to

903
00:37:50,950 --> 00:37:48,880
the the time spent in designing it

904
00:37:52,630 --> 00:37:50,960
initially

905
00:37:54,630 --> 00:37:52,640
the first tip of the telescope occurred

906
00:37:56,870 --> 00:37:54,640
in october 1961

907
00:37:58,390 --> 00:37:56,880
and then a mid-october 61 and then two

908
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:58,400
weeks later it was officially opened by

909
00:38:03,589 --> 00:38:00,640
the governor general of australia

910
00:38:07,109 --> 00:38:05,510
the first director of the observatory

911
00:38:10,150 --> 00:38:07,119
was john bolton

912
00:38:11,910 --> 00:38:10,160
he was a legendary figure um

913
00:38:15,589 --> 00:38:11,920
a pioneer of radio astronomy in

914
00:38:17,349 --> 00:38:15,599
australia and he also in 1955

915
00:38:19,670 --> 00:38:17,359
moved to caltech and and started the

916
00:38:21,750 --> 00:38:19,680
radio astronomy program there

917
00:38:24,390 --> 00:38:21,760
and founded the owens valley observatory

918
00:38:26,550 --> 00:38:24,400
which is um

919
00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:26,560
which we had very close um contacts with

920
00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:32,470
but how do we get involved in the space

921
00:38:36,230 --> 00:38:34,240
missions

922
00:38:37,030 --> 00:38:36,240
well the story goes back to the period

923
00:38:39,430 --> 00:38:37,040
um

924
00:38:40,390 --> 00:38:39,440
the interest that that jpl had in in

925
00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:40,400
parks

926
00:38:45,750 --> 00:38:43,040
um went to before even that when the

927
00:38:48,630 --> 00:38:45,760
telescope was was built began on the 6th

928
00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:48,640
of march 1959 when the us army's pioneer

929
00:38:55,190 --> 00:38:52,400
4 spacecraft flew by the moon um at what

930
00:38:57,750 --> 00:38:55,200
was then a record distance of 650 000

931
00:38:59,910 --> 00:38:57,760
kilometers and unfortunately

932
00:39:01,109 --> 00:38:59,920
nasa jpl could not communicate with it

933
00:39:02,150 --> 00:39:01,119
effectively

934
00:39:04,950 --> 00:39:02,160
even though it was a perfectly

935
00:39:07,190 --> 00:39:04,960
functioning spacecraft because its small

936
00:39:09,190 --> 00:39:07,200
26 meter antenna at goldstone just

937
00:39:12,630 --> 00:39:09,200
didn't have the sensitivity to

938
00:39:13,670 --> 00:39:12,640
to communicate with it effectively

939
00:39:16,310 --> 00:39:13,680
and so

940
00:39:18,390 --> 00:39:16,320
jpl realized that what it needed was the

941
00:39:21,190 --> 00:39:18,400
it was a much larger and more sensitive

942
00:39:22,870 --> 00:39:21,200
antenna than this 26 meter antennas that

943
00:39:25,510 --> 00:39:22,880
it was planning for its deep space

944
00:39:28,069 --> 00:39:25,520
network or the fledgling deep space

945
00:39:30,230 --> 00:39:28,079
and so the requirements for such a an

946
00:39:32,310 --> 00:39:30,240
antenna were that it

947
00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:32,320
needed to be six to 12 db improvement

948
00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:34,560
over the existing 26 meter array they

949
00:39:38,069 --> 00:39:36,640
were planning

950
00:39:41,829 --> 00:39:38,079
which meant it had to be somewhere in

951
00:39:43,750 --> 00:39:41,839
the order of 60 to 80 meters in diameter

952
00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:43,760
it had to have optimum performance at

953
00:39:49,589 --> 00:39:46,720
2.2 gigahertz at s-band in other words

954
00:39:51,109 --> 00:39:49,599
the surface had to be extremely accurate

955
00:39:54,550 --> 00:39:51,119
um you needed to have a pointing

956
00:39:55,750 --> 00:39:54,560
accuracy of about 1.2 minutes of arc

957
00:39:57,430 --> 00:39:55,760
and

958
00:39:59,270 --> 00:39:57,440
finally needed to have a slew rate of

959
00:40:01,510 --> 00:39:59,280
around 10 degrees a minute

960
00:40:03,750 --> 00:40:01,520
and it was no surprise at all that these

961
00:40:07,589 --> 00:40:03,760
requirements match the the proposed park

962
00:40:09,510 --> 00:40:07,599
telescope very very closely

963
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:09,520
consequently during the the tender and

964
00:40:14,309 --> 00:40:11,920
construction phase of the telescope

965
00:40:17,430 --> 00:40:14,319
jpl made several representations to the

966
00:40:19,270 --> 00:40:17,440
csiro with the view of of formally

967
00:40:20,630 --> 00:40:19,280
incorporating it into the deep space

968
00:40:22,309 --> 00:40:20,640
network

969
00:40:24,550 --> 00:40:22,319
finally however a cooperative space

970
00:40:25,910 --> 00:40:24,560
exploration program was proposed

971
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:25,920
and you can see that it was for the

972
00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:28,160
occasional use of parks for data

973
00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:30,400
requisition of a short-term nature where

974
00:40:33,750 --> 00:40:32,480
an extremely strong and reliable signal

975
00:40:35,670 --> 00:40:33,760
was required

976
00:40:37,829 --> 00:40:35,680
and in fact to this day

977
00:40:39,829 --> 00:40:37,839
it is still the basis in rationale for

978
00:40:42,870 --> 00:40:39,839
parks's inclusion in space tracking

979
00:40:48,309 --> 00:40:45,910
in 1962 a nasa research grant was

980
00:40:50,630 --> 00:40:48,319
awarded to the csiro to study the dish

981
00:40:52,309 --> 00:40:50,640
characteristics with a view to it

982
00:40:55,829 --> 00:40:52,319
contributing toward the design of the

983
00:40:58,069 --> 00:40:55,839
proposed jpl large aperture antennas

984
00:41:00,630 --> 00:40:58,079
william pickering the jpl director

985
00:41:02,470 --> 00:41:00,640
invited the csro to to participate in

986
00:41:05,349 --> 00:41:02,480
the feasibility studies and

987
00:41:09,109 --> 00:41:05,359
specification reviews of the the jpl

988
00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:11,270
um the giant the grant also called for a

989
00:41:15,270 --> 00:41:13,119
detailed study to determine the

990
00:41:17,589 --> 00:41:15,280
performance parameters of the parks

991
00:41:18,950 --> 00:41:17,599
telescope in regards to to those

992
00:41:21,030 --> 00:41:18,960
premises you see there the structural

993
00:41:23,270 --> 00:41:21,040
behavior characteristics of the drive

994
00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:23,280
system radio frequency performance

995
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:25,359
vibration characteristics but also

996
00:41:29,990 --> 00:41:26,880
measurements of the disc shape in the

997
00:41:32,550 --> 00:41:30,000
zenith and tilted positions

998
00:41:34,470 --> 00:41:32,560
as a result of these studies

999
00:41:37,190 --> 00:41:34,480
over the next few over the the next few

1000
00:41:38,550 --> 00:41:37,200
years um more than 30 research papers

1001
00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:38,560
were published on the design and

1002
00:41:42,390 --> 00:41:40,880
performance of the telescope parks was

1003
00:41:44,470 --> 00:41:42,400
not only the most advanced radio

1004
00:41:48,309 --> 00:41:44,480
telescope in the world it also became

1005
00:41:49,670 --> 00:41:48,319
the most extensively studied

1006
00:41:51,349 --> 00:41:49,680
and the reason was because this

1007
00:41:53,030 --> 00:41:51,359
information was considered to be of

1008
00:41:58,230 --> 00:41:53,040
critical importance in the design and

1009
00:42:02,550 --> 00:42:00,630
the caltech and jpl luminaries involved

1010
00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:02,560
in that design were people such as bruce

1011
00:42:07,670 --> 00:42:05,599
rule bill merrick ebrechten and sononai

1012
00:42:10,150 --> 00:42:07,680
liaise very closely with the csro

1013
00:42:14,470 --> 00:42:10,160
engineers harry minet and and others to

1014
00:42:16,950 --> 00:42:14,480
to ensure that the the dsn antennas were

1015
00:42:18,550 --> 00:42:16,960
operated as and as well as as they'd

1016
00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:18,560
hope

1017
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:20,000
now another aspect of the park's

1018
00:42:25,510 --> 00:42:22,560
telescope impact on space tracking was

1019
00:42:27,030 --> 00:42:25,520
in the location of the dsn stations

1020
00:42:28,710 --> 00:42:27,040
as you can see the very first station

1021
00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:28,720
was located at goldstone because only

1022
00:42:33,190 --> 00:42:31,680
just a few hours drive from from jpl but

1023
00:42:34,950 --> 00:42:33,200
that then dictated where the other two

1024
00:42:36,870 --> 00:42:34,960
stations would go they needed to have

1025
00:42:39,910 --> 00:42:36,880
their stations roughly equidistant

1026
00:42:42,390 --> 00:42:39,920
around the globe um 120 degrees apart

1027
00:42:44,870 --> 00:42:42,400
roughly and so in the early 19 early

1028
00:42:46,950 --> 00:42:44,880
late 50s early 60s the other two

1029
00:42:49,750 --> 00:42:46,960
stations were located at johannesburg in

1030
00:42:51,670 --> 00:42:49,760
western um in south africa and also at

1031
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:51,680
ireland lagoon at the women rocket range

1032
00:42:55,990 --> 00:42:54,000
in south australia but for various

1033
00:42:58,309 --> 00:42:56,000
reasons which i won't go into just lack

1034
00:43:01,190 --> 00:42:58,319
of time there they had to to shift the

1035
00:43:03,670 --> 00:43:01,200
locations of those other stations and um

1036
00:43:06,470 --> 00:43:03,680
one went to to madrid and the other went

1037
00:43:08,950 --> 00:43:06,480
to the tidman villa nature reserve very

1038
00:43:11,430 --> 00:43:08,960
close to canberra the australian capital

1039
00:43:13,510 --> 00:43:11,440
um and the reason tidbinbilla was chosen

1040
00:43:15,589 --> 00:43:13,520
was because taffy bone was the chairman

1041
00:43:17,750 --> 00:43:15,599
of the site selection committee and he

1042
00:43:19,750 --> 00:43:17,760
chose that site because

1043
00:43:22,309 --> 00:43:19,760
ted ben biller was on almost exactly the

1044
00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:22,319
same longitude as the parks telescope

1045
00:43:27,109 --> 00:43:24,560
because he argued that being on the same

1046
00:43:29,270 --> 00:43:27,119
longitude the two would see the same sky

1047
00:43:31,109 --> 00:43:29,280
simultaneously and that in the future

1048
00:43:34,710 --> 00:43:31,119
nasa may want to

1049
00:43:38,230 --> 00:43:34,720
link or array the dishes together

1050
00:43:39,910 --> 00:43:38,240
to enhance the capabilities so that

1051
00:43:41,670 --> 00:43:39,920
the two working together would be a much

1052
00:43:43,829 --> 00:43:41,680
more powerful more useful instrument

1053
00:43:46,069 --> 00:43:43,839
than the two working individually and of

1054
00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:46,079
course that was realized some 20 or so

1055
00:43:50,710 --> 00:43:47,839
years later with the voyager 2

1056
00:43:53,109 --> 00:43:50,720
encounters of uranus and neptune and

1057
00:43:58,150 --> 00:43:53,119
also very critically with the galileo

1058
00:44:03,510 --> 00:44:00,950
now it was during the this design and

1059
00:44:04,550 --> 00:44:03,520
study period that that mariner 2 was

1060
00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:04,560
launched

1061
00:44:08,230 --> 00:44:05,520
um

1062
00:44:11,030 --> 00:44:08,240
as you all know it was it flew by venus

1063
00:44:13,510 --> 00:44:11,040
on the 14th of december 1962 and it flew

1064
00:44:16,230 --> 00:44:13,520
within just under 35 000 kilometers of

1065
00:44:18,470 --> 00:44:16,240
the of the surface

1066
00:44:20,470 --> 00:44:18,480
now taffy bone harry minnett decided

1067
00:44:22,150 --> 00:44:20,480
that tracking mariner 2 would be the

1068
00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:22,160
would be an excellent demonstration of

1069
00:44:27,190 --> 00:44:24,640
the parks telescope's capabilities for

1070
00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:27,200
communication at great distances

1071
00:44:30,790 --> 00:44:28,960
and essentially the experiment would be

1072
00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:30,800
a simple one involving the measurement

1073
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:32,640
of spacecraft position

1074
00:44:37,829 --> 00:44:35,760
signal level and doppler frequency

1075
00:44:40,309 --> 00:44:37,839
it did not include the reception of

1076
00:44:42,309 --> 00:44:40,319
telemetry but was simply intended to

1077
00:44:45,030 --> 00:44:42,319
establish the technique and measure the

1078
00:44:47,670 --> 00:44:45,040
performance of a 64 metre

1079
00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:49,430
parks tracked it for two weeks beginning

1080
00:44:54,309 --> 00:44:52,560
on the 20th of december 1962 until the

1081
00:44:56,390 --> 00:44:54,319
3rd of january

1082
00:44:58,950 --> 00:44:56,400
when the signal was finally

1083
00:45:00,870 --> 00:44:58,960
finally lost

1084
00:45:03,829 --> 00:45:00,880
jpl loaned

1085
00:45:05,829 --> 00:45:03,839
parks a nail band transportable phase

1086
00:45:07,349 --> 00:45:05,839
lock receiver which the astronomers

1087
00:45:08,630 --> 00:45:07,359
dubbed the ancient mariner as you can

1088
00:45:10,150 --> 00:45:08,640
see

1089
00:45:11,990 --> 00:45:10,160
because it looked quite old even then i

1090
00:45:13,910 --> 00:45:12,000
think

1091
00:45:16,069 --> 00:45:13,920
but but the thing that i found most

1092
00:45:18,230 --> 00:45:16,079
amazing was that it had a 20 hertz gate

1093
00:45:19,829 --> 00:45:18,240
that could be manually tuned so the

1094
00:45:22,790 --> 00:45:19,839
astronomers had to know the the

1095
00:45:23,670 --> 00:45:22,800
frequency very very precisely and tune

1096
00:45:27,109 --> 00:45:23,680
the tune

1097
00:45:29,109 --> 00:45:27,119
to with to very close to the um to the

1098
00:45:30,950 --> 00:45:29,119
um frequent doppler shifted frequency in

1099
00:45:32,870 --> 00:45:30,960
the pass span and so they could get it

1100
00:45:35,109 --> 00:45:32,880
in that 20 hertz gate and then lock on

1101
00:45:37,430 --> 00:45:35,119
to the to the signal

1102
00:45:41,910 --> 00:45:39,270
because these tracks were and if we're

1103
00:45:44,630 --> 00:45:41,920
on an informal basis jpl did not provide

1104
00:45:48,069 --> 00:45:44,640
position and frequency predicts so harry

1105
00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:48,079
minette resorted to calculating um these

1106
00:45:51,829 --> 00:45:49,200
himself

1107
00:45:54,230 --> 00:45:51,839
using slide rule and pencil and paper

1108
00:45:56,150 --> 00:45:54,240
but he needed to know both the position

1109
00:45:58,069 --> 00:45:56,160
and the frequency to lock onto the

1110
00:45:59,910 --> 00:45:58,079
signal

1111
00:46:01,270 --> 00:45:59,920
he experienced great trouble at this as

1112
00:46:03,430 --> 00:46:01,280
you could imagine because he was never

1113
00:46:06,230 --> 00:46:03,440
sure whether the position was right and

1114
00:46:07,109 --> 00:46:06,240
the frequency is wrong or vice versa or

1115
00:46:09,030 --> 00:46:07,119
both

1116
00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,040
um so eventually after a week of

1117
00:46:13,270 --> 00:46:11,680
fruitless effort he contacted jpl who

1118
00:46:14,390 --> 00:46:13,280
sent him the predicts and he immediately

1119
00:46:16,309 --> 00:46:14,400
was able to

1120
00:46:18,950 --> 00:46:16,319
to to lock on to the

1121
00:46:21,589 --> 00:46:18,960
um to the signal

1122
00:46:23,190 --> 00:46:21,599
um as you see there and here i found um

1123
00:46:25,270 --> 00:46:23,200
in the national archives um he's

1124
00:46:28,150 --> 00:46:25,280
hand-drawn plot of the results and we

1125
00:46:29,750 --> 00:46:28,160
just zoom in a little bit then

1126
00:46:33,430 --> 00:46:29,760
you can see that the park's telescope

1127
00:46:35,910 --> 00:46:33,440
had an overall 5 db um advantage over

1128
00:46:37,430 --> 00:46:35,920
the 26 meter antennas in this case um

1129
00:46:39,109 --> 00:46:37,440
the one at warmer

1130
00:46:42,630 --> 00:46:39,119
and it should have actually had a have

1131
00:46:44,150 --> 00:46:42,640
had an 8 db advantage but because

1132
00:46:45,829 --> 00:46:44,160
a circularly polarized feed was

1133
00:46:47,670 --> 00:46:45,839
unavailable the astronomers had used the

1134
00:46:51,910 --> 00:46:47,680
linearly polarized astronomy feed

1135
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:51,920
instead that included a 3db penalty

1136
00:46:55,589 --> 00:46:53,680
nonetheless the experiment was

1137
00:46:57,750 --> 00:46:55,599
considered a great success and the

1138
00:46:59,670 --> 00:46:57,760
results were included in the the study

1139
00:47:02,710 --> 00:46:59,680
reports that verified the soundness of

1140
00:47:05,190 --> 00:47:02,720
the the of the design

1141
00:47:07,430 --> 00:47:05,200
and as a result of as a consequence of

1142
00:47:10,069 --> 00:47:07,440
these parks became the model for the jpl

1143
00:47:11,750 --> 00:47:10,079
large aperture antennas

1144
00:47:13,829 --> 00:47:11,760
as you can see they were all pivoted in

1145
00:47:16,150 --> 00:47:13,839
the center just like parks they had an

1146
00:47:17,910 --> 00:47:16,160
alt azimuth mount and they incorporated

1147
00:47:20,549 --> 00:47:17,920
the master equatorial system and they

1148
00:47:21,829 --> 00:47:20,559
were all 64 meters in diameter the

1149
00:47:24,390 --> 00:47:21,839
goldstone dish was eventually

1150
00:47:27,190 --> 00:47:24,400
commissioned in may 1966

1151
00:47:29,589 --> 00:47:27,200
but before then mariner 4 was flying by

1152
00:47:31,910 --> 00:47:29,599
mars and the goldstone dish was still a

1153
00:47:33,990 --> 00:47:31,920
year away from completion so pax was

1154
00:47:36,790 --> 00:47:34,000
approached to provide the

1155
00:47:39,510 --> 00:47:36,800
64 meter capability for the dsn

1156
00:47:41,670 --> 00:47:39,520
22 images were returned of the martian

1157
00:47:44,630 --> 00:47:41,680
surface and parks provided a three db

1158
00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:44,640
improvement of the existing um dsn array

1159
00:47:50,309 --> 00:47:46,640
in fact all antennas combined parks

1160
00:47:52,069 --> 00:47:50,319
provided double the the strength of that

1161
00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:52,079
the data from parks was combined with

1162
00:47:56,150 --> 00:47:54,720
those um from the other stations and

1163
00:47:57,990 --> 00:47:56,160
used to produce

1164
00:47:59,750 --> 00:47:58,000
improved images of the martian surface

1165
00:48:02,150 --> 00:47:59,760
and you've all seen this one the famous

1166
00:48:03,510 --> 00:48:02,160
image 11 which made astronomers very

1167
00:48:05,030 --> 00:48:03,520
very disappointed because they're

1168
00:48:06,549 --> 00:48:05,040
expecting to see burdened forests

1169
00:48:11,109 --> 00:48:06,559
instead they had

1170
00:48:14,309 --> 00:48:12,549
now

1171
00:48:17,829 --> 00:48:14,319
perhaps the most famous mission parks

1172
00:48:19,589 --> 00:48:17,839
was involved in was the was apollo 11.

1173
00:48:21,670 --> 00:48:19,599
no history of parks could be complete

1174
00:48:24,309 --> 00:48:21,680
without a mention of its role

1175
00:48:26,549 --> 00:48:24,319
it began in october 1968 when john

1176
00:48:29,109 --> 00:48:26,559
bolton was visiting caltech he was

1177
00:48:30,630 --> 00:48:29,119
invited to to dinner at the home of bob

1178
00:48:31,589 --> 00:48:30,640
leighton the friend and colleague of

1179
00:48:33,510 --> 00:48:31,599
john's

1180
00:48:34,390 --> 00:48:33,520
and one of the pis for the mariner 4

1181
00:48:36,230 --> 00:48:34,400
mission

1182
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:36,240
i'm also at the dinner was ed brechton

1183
00:48:39,589 --> 00:48:37,680
the head of the goldstone project and

1184
00:48:41,349 --> 00:48:39,599
during the course of the dinner john was

1185
00:48:43,030 --> 00:48:41,359
asked if you could make available the

1186
00:48:45,589 --> 00:48:43,040
the parks telescope for the upcoming

1187
00:48:47,030 --> 00:48:45,599
apollo 11 mission but in particular for

1188
00:48:49,109 --> 00:48:47,040
those few short hours when the lunar

1189
00:48:51,430 --> 00:48:49,119
module was on the lunar surface and

1190
00:48:53,270 --> 00:48:51,440
because human lives were

1191
00:48:56,309 --> 00:48:53,280
were at risk both he and taffy bowen

1192
00:48:58,549 --> 00:48:56,319
agreed and as he's well known now 600

1193
00:48:59,750 --> 00:48:58,559
million people one-sixth of mankind at

1194
00:49:01,829 --> 00:48:59,760
the time

1195
00:49:04,390 --> 00:49:01,839
witnessed the apollo 11

1196
00:49:05,910 --> 00:49:04,400
moonwalk live on tv through pictures

1197
00:49:07,750 --> 00:49:05,920
received at parks

1198
00:49:09,510 --> 00:49:07,760
the story is far too long for me to go

1199
00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:09,520
into

1200
00:49:13,510 --> 00:49:11,520
detail in this short presentation but i

1201
00:49:15,750 --> 00:49:13,520
i invite you to check the park's website

1202
00:49:18,390 --> 00:49:15,760
and also the honeysuckle creek website

1203
00:49:21,270 --> 00:49:18,400
um for more details on on that

1204
00:49:23,349 --> 00:49:21,280
and um i think um oh yeah it's just that

1205
00:49:25,430 --> 00:49:23,359
there and the beginning of the broadcast

1206
00:49:27,109 --> 00:49:25,440
nasa would just um

1207
00:49:28,549 --> 00:49:27,119
tv is the thing that everyone remembers

1208
00:49:30,390 --> 00:49:28,559
nowadays

1209
00:49:32,470 --> 00:49:30,400
and um

1210
00:49:34,470 --> 00:49:32,480
but at the beginning of the broadcast

1211
00:49:36,230 --> 00:49:34,480
nasa houston was switching between the

1212
00:49:38,150 --> 00:49:36,240
signals being received at goldstone and

1213
00:49:39,829 --> 00:49:38,160
honeysuckle creek when they finally

1214
00:49:41,510 --> 00:49:39,839
switched to parks it was so much better

1215
00:49:43,430 --> 00:49:41,520
they stayed with parks for the remainder

1216
00:49:45,430 --> 00:49:43,440
of the two and a half hour moonwalk and

1217
00:49:46,309 --> 00:49:45,440
just to give you an idea of why they did

1218
00:49:47,829 --> 00:49:46,319
that

1219
00:49:49,589 --> 00:49:47,839
on the right

1220
00:49:51,829 --> 00:49:49,599
outside the left

1221
00:49:53,270 --> 00:49:51,839
you have an image of armstrong

1222
00:49:55,589 --> 00:49:53,280
descending the ladder source from

1223
00:49:57,750 --> 00:49:55,599
goldstone 20 minutes later when they

1224
00:49:59,670 --> 00:49:57,760
were using the parks feed you can see

1225
00:50:02,390 --> 00:49:59,680
aldrin coming down the ladder you can

1226
00:50:04,870 --> 00:50:02,400
see the improvement in the picture

1227
00:50:07,750 --> 00:50:04,880
honeysuckle creek had a had a very good

1228
00:50:10,150 --> 00:50:07,760
image also but because of its um

1229
00:50:12,790 --> 00:50:10,160
smaller size and lower signal to noise

1230
00:50:15,190 --> 00:50:12,800
ratio had a grainier image

1231
00:50:17,030 --> 00:50:15,200
the equivalent picture um 20 minutes

1232
00:50:19,109 --> 00:50:17,040
later when alden was about to step on

1233
00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:19,119
the lunar surface was from parks and

1234
00:50:23,589 --> 00:50:20,720
again you can see the improvement and

1235
00:50:25,430 --> 00:50:23,599
understand why it was involved

1236
00:50:27,430 --> 00:50:25,440
over the years the the we've had a

1237
00:50:30,950 --> 00:50:27,440
mutually beneficial partnership the

1238
00:50:33,349 --> 00:50:30,960
csiro and and nasa whenever parks has

1239
00:50:35,510 --> 00:50:33,359
supported a nation's nasa space mission

1240
00:50:37,270 --> 00:50:35,520
uh we've we've gotten a better radio

1241
00:50:40,150 --> 00:50:37,280
telescope out of it as a result and in

1242
00:50:41,589 --> 00:50:40,160
return nasa has a more capable antenna

1243
00:50:43,829 --> 00:50:41,599
for the next mission that they approach

1244
00:50:45,910 --> 00:50:43,839
us for you can see all the surface

1245
00:50:48,069 --> 00:50:45,920
upgrades and the focus cabin and so on

1246
00:50:50,710 --> 00:50:48,079
we're all funded by by nasa over the

1247
00:50:52,870 --> 00:50:50,720
years and we've got a much much better

1248
00:50:55,910 --> 00:50:52,880
telescope and nasa has a more capable

1249
00:50:57,829 --> 00:50:55,920
antenna for for its next mission also

1250
00:51:00,549 --> 00:50:57,839
so in conclusion i'd like to finish with

1251
00:51:03,109 --> 00:51:00,559
a quote by the us ambassador to

1252
00:51:04,150 --> 00:51:03,119
australia in 2003 when he was at parks

1253
00:51:06,829 --> 00:51:04,160
to

1254
00:51:08,870 --> 00:51:06,839
launch the the mars tracks

1255
00:51:11,270 --> 00:51:08,880
um um

1256
00:51:13,910 --> 00:51:11,280
tom schieffer um

1257
00:51:16,710 --> 00:51:13,920
and basically he said to to quote the

1258
00:51:18,630 --> 00:51:16,720
parks telescope is like a trusted friend

1259
00:51:21,750 --> 00:51:18,640
always there when we need a when we need

1260
00:51:24,150 --> 00:51:21,760
a hand the relationship between csiro

1261
00:51:26,790 --> 00:51:24,160
and nasa is very much like that between

1262
00:51:28,790 --> 00:51:26,800
the united states and australia

1263
00:51:31,109 --> 00:51:28,800
a friend that

1264
00:51:33,510 --> 00:51:31,119
has friends that share common values and

1265
00:51:35,510 --> 00:51:33,520
dreams and i have a picture there of the

1266
00:51:37,430 --> 00:51:35,520
ambassador and the officer in charge of

1267
00:51:38,950 --> 00:51:37,440
the parks telescope john reynolds

1268
00:51:41,109 --> 00:51:38,960
playing a spotted cricket on the dish

1269
00:51:42,549 --> 00:51:41,119
during the opening the ambassador had to

1270
00:51:44,309 --> 00:51:42,559
learn how to hold the cricket back

1271
00:51:46,790 --> 00:51:44,319
correctly he was he thought it was a

1272
00:51:49,270 --> 00:51:46,800
baseball bat at the time but um that it

1273
00:51:51,190 --> 00:51:49,280
worked and just to finish up just 30

1274
00:51:53,030 --> 00:51:51,200
seconds there is an epilogue to the

1275
00:51:56,230 --> 00:51:53,040
story

1276
00:51:58,150 --> 00:51:56,240
on the 27th of august 1962 mariner 2 the

1277
00:51:59,589 --> 00:51:58,160
first interplanetary spacecraft was

1278
00:52:01,109 --> 00:51:59,599
launched to venus

1279
00:52:02,549 --> 00:52:01,119
that just happened to be the day that i

1280
00:52:06,309 --> 00:52:02,559
was born

1281
00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:06,319
okay and when new horizons arrives at

1282
00:52:11,750 --> 00:52:10,400
pluto in july 2015.

1283
00:52:13,910 --> 00:52:11,760
we could say

1284
00:52:16,710 --> 00:52:13,920
in all honesty that in the space of a

1285
00:52:18,470 --> 00:52:16,720
single human lifetime um the entire

1286
00:52:20,470 --> 00:52:18,480
solar system would have been

1287
00:52:21,910 --> 00:52:20,480
explored and i think that's pretty

1288
00:52:40,790 --> 00:52:21,920
impressive and parks was there from the

1289
00:52:47,270 --> 00:52:44,390
but my my serious question is

1290
00:52:49,750 --> 00:52:47,280
i had not realized before actually that

1291
00:52:52,069 --> 00:52:49,760
uh parks was if you will a prototype of

1292
00:52:55,990 --> 00:52:52,079
these large steerable antennas

1293
00:52:57,510 --> 00:52:56,000
and what amazes me is that uh i got it

1294
00:52:59,990 --> 00:52:57,520
right the first time in terms of

1295
00:53:02,630 --> 00:53:00,000
critical things like the the loading on

1296
00:53:04,309 --> 00:53:02,640
the figure of the of the was of the

1297
00:53:06,230 --> 00:53:04,319
telescope was there was there some

1298
00:53:07,750 --> 00:53:06,240
special innovation that

1299
00:53:09,990 --> 00:53:07,760
enabled that or was it just real

1300
00:53:11,910 --> 00:53:10,000
attention to details it was it was

1301
00:53:14,150 --> 00:53:11,920
essentially just the attention to detail

1302
00:53:17,109 --> 00:53:14,160
but also i didn't have time to to go

1303
00:53:19,270 --> 00:53:17,119
into great detail but one of the the the

1304
00:53:20,950 --> 00:53:19,280
engineers that provided the the really

1305
00:53:22,870 --> 00:53:20,960
innovative ideas on how it should be

1306
00:53:24,950 --> 00:53:22,880
done was barnes wallace a famous british

1307
00:53:26,710 --> 00:53:24,960
engineer he was famous during the world

1308
00:53:29,030 --> 00:53:26,720
war during world war ii as the inventor

1309
00:53:31,829 --> 00:53:29,040
of the bouncing bombs and it was his

1310
00:53:33,270 --> 00:53:31,839
idea essentially to to have an out as a

1311
00:53:35,750 --> 00:53:33,280
mounted telescope with the master

1312
00:53:37,349 --> 00:53:35,760
recorder he invented that concept and

1313
00:53:39,510 --> 00:53:37,359
also the spiral purlins he actually

1314
00:53:41,510 --> 00:53:39,520
developed that that idea for the r 100

1315
00:53:43,430 --> 00:53:41,520
airship and the wellington bombers and

1316
00:53:45,270 --> 00:53:43,440
that's what gave the dish that that that

1317
00:53:47,190 --> 00:53:45,280
strength and it's also the reason why

1318
00:53:50,230 --> 00:53:47,200
we've been able to upgrade the surface

1319
00:53:53,030 --> 00:53:50,240
continually over the years and because

1320
00:53:55,190 --> 00:53:53,040
that it did have that strength and um

1321
00:53:57,589 --> 00:53:55,200
and the the designers of the jpl

1322
00:53:59,510 --> 00:53:57,599
antennas were extremely extremely

1323
00:54:01,270 --> 00:53:59,520
interested in that and they

1324
00:54:02,710 --> 00:54:01,280
they took a lot of those design fishes

1325
00:54:04,230 --> 00:54:02,720
as you saw

1326
00:54:05,349 --> 00:54:04,240
and incorporated

1327
00:54:06,309 --> 00:54:05,359
with the

1328
00:54:08,150 --> 00:54:06,319
added

1329
00:54:10,470 --> 00:54:08,160
they have to be able to transmit as well

1330
00:54:12,470 --> 00:54:10,480
as received so they they had a cast of

1331
00:54:13,430 --> 00:54:12,480
grain feed rather than prime focus as we

1332
00:54:16,390 --> 00:54:13,440
do but

1333
00:54:18,150 --> 00:54:16,400
um but it really did come down to the to

1334
00:54:19,430 --> 00:54:18,160
the designers designing it properly at

1335
00:54:20,870 --> 00:54:19,440
the beginning which is why they took

1336
00:54:22,870 --> 00:54:20,880
their time and then built it quickly

1337
00:54:25,030 --> 00:54:22,880
it's a good case of hastening slowly

1338
00:54:26,870 --> 00:54:25,040
where take your time design and then do

1339
00:54:28,390 --> 00:54:26,880
it quickly at the end and of course they

1340
00:54:29,750 --> 00:54:28,400
were the same people that designed the

1341
00:54:32,230 --> 00:54:29,760
sydney harbour bridge and that's still

1342
00:54:33,829 --> 00:54:32,240
up and still will be for a century or